Animal Farm

'Animal Farm' is an allegorical novella by George Orwell, first published in England on 17 August 1945. The book tells the story of a group of farm animals who rebel against their human farmer, hoping to create a society where the animals can be equal, free, and happy. Ultimately, however, the rebellion is betrayed, and the farm ends up in a state as bad as it was before, under the dictatorship of a pig named Napoleon. According to Orwell, the fable reflects events leading up to the Russian Revolution of 1917 and then on into the Stalinist era of the Soviet Union. Orwell, a democratic socialist, was a critic of Joseph Stalin and hostile to Moscow-directed Stalinism, an attitude that was critically shaped by his experiences during the Spanish Civil War. The Soviet Union had become a brutal dictatorship built upon a cult of personality and enforced by a reign of terror. In a letter to Yvonne Davet, Orwell described 'Animal Farm' as a satirical tale against Stalin ('un conte satirique contre Staline'), and in his essay 'Why I Write' (1946), wrote that 'Animal Farm' was the first book in which he tried, with full consciousness of what he was doing, 'to fuse political purpose and artistic purpose into one whole'. The original title was 'Animal Farm: A Fairy Story', but U.S. publishers dropped the subtitle when it was published in 1946, and only one of the translations during Orwell's lifetime kept it. Other titular variations include subtitles like 'A Satire' and 'A Contemporary Satire'. Orwell suggested the title 'Union des républiques socialistes animales' for the French translation, which abbreviates to URSA, the Latin word for bear, a symbol of Russia. It also played on the French name of the Soviet Union, 'Union des républiques socialistes soviétiques'.

Eric Arthur Blair (25 June 1903 - 21 January 1950), known by his pen name George Orwell, was an English novelist, essayist, journalist and critic. His work is characterised by lucid prose, biting social criticism, opposition to totalitarianism, and outspoken support of democratic socialism. As a writer, Orwell produced literary criticism and poetry, fiction and polemical journalism; and is best known for the allegorical novella 'Animal Farm' (1945) and the dystopian novel 'Nineteen Eighty-Four' (1949).