Chess problemists

Source: Wikipedia. Pages: 72. Chapters: Sam Loyd, Vladimir Nabokov, Edward Plunkett, 18th Baron of Dunsany, François-André Danican Philidor, Alexander Beliavsky, Paul Keres, Ashot Nadanian, Vasily Smyslov, Susan Polgar, Comins Mansfield, John Nunn, Pal Benko, List of grandmasters for chess composition, Leopold Mitrofanov, Yuri Averbakh, Richard Réti, Noam Elkies, Henri Rinck, Francisco Benkö, Genrikh Kasparyan, Vitaly Chekhover, Milan Vukcevich, Johann Berger, Alexander Kazantsev, Jan Rusinek, Thomas Rayner Dawson, Alexander Petrov, Ottó Bláthy, Charles Masson Fox, Nikolai Grigoriev, Leonid Kubbel, Ludovít Lehen, Erich Zepler, Alexey Troitsky, Richard K. Guy, Ignazio Calvi, Walther von Holzhausen, Leon Tuhan-Baranowski, Josef Krejcik, Jean Dufresne, John Roycroft, Semyon Alapin, André Chéron, Emilian Dobrescu, Frédéric Lazard, Johannes Kohtz, Henri Weenink, Walter Grimshaw, Bernhard Horwitz, Gia Nadareishvili, Nenad Petrovic, Harold van der Heijden, Charles Bent, Michel Caillaud, Karlis Betin¿, Franz Pachl, Alexander Rueb, Vitaly Halberstadt, Samuel Gold, Valerian Onitiu, Karel Traxler, Yochanan Afek, Julius Mendheim, Hermanis Matisons, Alois Wotawa, Ladislav Proke¿, Hrvoje Bartolovic, Arvid Kubbel, Jerzy Konikowski, Oldrich Duras, Abram Gurvich, Friedrich Amelung, Gustave Lazard, Iuri Akobia, Sigmund Herland, Hugh Blandford, Marko Klasinc, Chess composer, Ernest Pogosyants, Osmo Kaila, Vladimir Bron, Ercole del Rio, Ilya Shumov, Antonín Novotný, Gerhard Pfeiffer, Joseph Plachutta, Lazar Zalkind, Alexander Pituk, Tivadar Kardos, Ariah Mohiliver, Friedrich Köhnlein, Robin Matthews, Beniamino Vergani, Yoel Aloni, Carl Kockelkorn, Ludovít Lacný, Pietro Rossi, Josef Kling, Karl Fabel, Max Bezzel. Excerpt: Paul Keres (January 7, 1916 ¿ June 5, 1975), was an Estonian chess grandmaster, and a renowned chess writer. He was among the world's top players from the mid-1930s to the mid-1960s. Keres narrowly missed a chance at a World Chess Championship match on five occasions. He won the 1938 AVRO tournament, which led to negotiations for a World Championship match against champion Alexander Alekhine, but the match never took place due to World War II. Then after the war he was runner-up in the Candidates' Tournament on four consecutive occasions. Due to these and other strong results, many chess historians consider Keres the strongest player never to become World Chess Champion. He was nicknamed "The Crown Prince of Chess". Keres was the only player in chess history to defeat nine undisputed world champions. Paul Keres was born in Narva, Estonia. Keres first learned about chess from his father and older brother Harald (later a prominent physicist). With the scarcity of chess literature in his small town, he learned about chess notation from the chess puzzles in the daily newspaper, and compiled a handwritten collection of almost 1000 games. In his early days, he was known for a brilliant and sharp attacking style. Keres was a three-time Estonian schoolboy champion, in 1930, 1932, and 1933. His playing matured after playing correspondence chess extensively while in high school. He probably played about 500 correspondence games, and at one stage had 150 correspondence games going simultaneously. In 1935, he won the International Fernschachbund (IFSB) international correspondence chess championship. From 1937 to 1941 he studied Mathematics at the University of Tartu, and competed in several interuniversity matches. Keres achieved a v...