Country level comparison of innovation systems. Germany, Israel and Norway

Academic Paper from the year 2020 in the subject Economics - Innovation economics, grade: A, BI Norwegian Business School, course: Innovation and Entrepreneurship, language: English, abstract: Innovation lies at the heart of globalisation, whereby to stay relevant in competitive markets and improve economic growth, countries must put in place strong National Innovation Systems (NIS). Thus, the key goal of this paper is to analyse and compare the National Innovation Systems of various countries. Germany, Israel and Norway were chosen as part of this study, particularly because of their strong innovative history, high levels of innovation and the importance of innovation for their future competitiveness. Firstly, an analysis of core primary data provides a brief overview of each country. Subsequently, Porter's Diamond model, and its four factors, helps us evaluate in detail each of the country's NIS. After analysis, each country is methodically discussed using research, results and the Triple Helix Model. Using this, we found Israel has a highly efficient NIS, showing incredible dynamic development in recent years. Germany's NIS was found to be deeply rooted in their economy and Norway's lower levels of GDP and patent applications per capita indicated lower levels of innovation. It is recommended each country focus on maintaining strong NIS to combat future challenges, including the trend of climate change.