The Electric Theories of J. Clerk Maxwell

In this volume Pierre Duhem first gives an overview of 19^th century electricity and magnetism. Next, he applies his keen historical, philosophical, and physical intuition to critiquing Maxwell's theories, especially his electromagnetic theory of light and the ad hoc introduction of displacement current, which he considers too much a product of the 'esprit de géométrie' than the 'esprit de finesse,' as Pascal calls it.

In this book, Duhem is guided by the principle that a theory that offers contradictions, even if the theory is posed by a genius, needs to be analysed and discussed until a clear distinction can be made between the propositions likely to be logically demonstrated and statements that offend logic and which must be transformed or rejected.

Furthermore, Duhem felt, in criticizing such a theory one must guard against narrowness of mind and petty corrections which would make one forget the merit of the inventor; and, more importantly, one must guard against the blind superstition which, for admiration of the author, would hide the serious defects of the work. He is not so great a genius that he surpasses the laws of reason.

Pierre Duhem (1861-1916), chairman of theoretical physics at Bordeaux in 1984-1916, is well-known for his works in the history and philosophy of science.

Pierre Maurice Marie Duhem (b. 1861)-an accomplished physicist, philosopher of physics, and historian of physics-ranked first in his class at the École Normale Supérieure, France's most prestigious university, and first on the national physics concours exam for agrégation in 1885. In his third year at the École Normale, he was the first student ever in France's grandes écoles to present himself for the doctor's degree. The thesis, later reprinted as The Thermodynamic Potential and its Applications to Chemical Mechanics and to the Study of Electrical Phenomena, was rejected for political reasons. Undiscouraged, Duhem presented a second thesis, this time in mathematics, but on a similar theme, which the committee including Poincaré and Tannery accepted: On Magnetization by Induction. Duhem's grand vision of subjecting all the branches physics-mechanics, chemistry, and even electromagnetism-to thermodynamic first-principles continued to permeate all his works until his death in 1916.