X3 to X54

The X- and XE-Class submarines were conceived during the Second World War: around 51ft (16m) long, they were designed to be towed by a 'mother' submarine and use their small size to complete stealth missions, such as attacking harbours and performing reconnaissance. Although they would not begin active service until 1942, the submarine crews achieved quite the record, racking up 167 honours between them, including four Victoria Crosses. Written by ex-submariner Keith Hall, X3 to X54 is a look at the entire life and evolution of the British midget submarine, from its early prototypes to its final journeys. With a wealth of imagery, including archive X-craft photographs as well as up-to-date views of the X51 (HMS Stickleback) from the Scottish Submarine Centre, this is the fascinating, yet little-known, story of Britain's midget submarines.

KEITH HALL was born in Leeds, Yorkshire. After leaving school at 18 years old, he joined the Royal Navy and spent thirty-three years in the medical branch; the majority of this time was spent on nuclear submarines or in shore billets in support of the Nuclear Propulsion Program. After leaving the Navy in 2003, he worked as a health physicist at HM Naval Base Clyde. He retired in 2015. An avid collector of old photographs and postcards, Keith Hall writes about local and naval history, particularly focusing on submarines. He is currently working on a book about the Navy's Trident submarines, a follow-on to his work about the history of the Royal Navy's Polaris programme.